Ion not assessed by conventional neuropsychological tests. Prior work in William’s syndrome has shown similar increased FA Olumacostat glasaretil custom synthesis within the IFOF that is thought related to increased myelination [84]. While these patients had changes within the right fusiform gyrus that corresponded to social cognition scores, no significant correlations were observed for white matter changes fpsyg.2017.00209 including the IFOF and test results [84]. Moreover, ex-preterms have been found to have socialPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,15 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm Childrendeficits that related to alterations within emotional processing networks [85]. Hyperconnectivity is also documented in autism and is directly correlated with social dysfunction [86]. Our work adds to increasing evidence suggesting hyperconnectivity within emotional processing networks may serves as the basis for social deficits in ex-preterm individuals.Study LimitationsThis study included individuals who were born at late preterm versus term gestational age and examined brain development during the preadolescent period. One important aspect of this study population is the lack of early perinatal intervention in a preterm population from a poor, developing region [28, 29]. While this allows us to observe the effects of late prematurity without bias from early intervention, our observations of differences may not correlate with those of late preterm infants from higher socioeconomic regions, who would be expected to exhibit less significant differences in functional and structural connectivity. In addition, other unknown environmental variables could play a role in differences between groups. Nevertheless, as all study participants were recruited from the same impoverished region of a developing country, differences between the groups would be expected to reflect the effects of late preterm birth without early intervention although socioeconomic status was not formally measured. In analyzing this data post hoc, there was a slight but statistically significant increase in the number of included scans in the eyes-open condition for the preterm group, although not for the eyes-closed condition. Accordingly, there was a slight but significant difference in the framewise displacement (FD) parameter between groups in wcs.1183 the eyes-open condition (mean FD = 0.10 for preterms, mean FD = 0.11 for terms) though not for the eyes-closed condition (mean FD = 0.093 for preterms, mean FD = 0.097 for terms). As part of the functional connectivity data processing, WM and CSF values were not included as regressors in the analysis as they were not shown to significantly change the results. These minor technical limitations are not expected to significantly affect the results of this study due to the rigorous frame inclusion criteria, however future studies may benefit from these additional data analysis strategies. Serial data examining patterns of development would strengthen our understanding developmental phenomena related to late preterm birth by looking at dynamic changes over time within the individual rather than at one point in time. Despite promising results from an increasing body of literature, both methods are indirect indicators of functional and anatomical connectivity, respectively. Moreover, conventional DTI is limited by its inability to distinguish tracts within axon-rich crossing-fiber regions, a limitation that may be overcome with future work employing diffusion S28463 site spectrum imagin.Ion not assessed by conventional neuropsychological tests. Prior work in William’s syndrome has shown similar increased FA within the IFOF that is thought related to increased myelination [84]. While these patients had changes within the right fusiform gyrus that corresponded to social cognition scores, no significant correlations were observed for white matter changes fpsyg.2017.00209 including the IFOF and test results [84]. Moreover, ex-preterms have been found to have socialPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130686 June 22,15 /Altered Brain Connectivity in Late Preterm Childrendeficits that related to alterations within emotional processing networks [85]. Hyperconnectivity is also documented in autism and is directly correlated with social dysfunction [86]. Our work adds to increasing evidence suggesting hyperconnectivity within emotional processing networks may serves as the basis for social deficits in ex-preterm individuals.Study LimitationsThis study included individuals who were born at late preterm versus term gestational age and examined brain development during the preadolescent period. One important aspect of this study population is the lack of early perinatal intervention in a preterm population from a poor, developing region [28, 29]. While this allows us to observe the effects of late prematurity without bias from early intervention, our observations of differences may not correlate with those of late preterm infants from higher socioeconomic regions, who would be expected to exhibit less significant differences in functional and structural connectivity. In addition, other unknown environmental variables could play a role in differences between groups. Nevertheless, as all study participants were recruited from the same impoverished region of a developing country, differences between the groups would be expected to reflect the effects of late preterm birth without early intervention although socioeconomic status was not formally measured. In analyzing this data post hoc, there was a slight but statistically significant increase in the number of included scans in the eyes-open condition for the preterm group, although not for the eyes-closed condition. Accordingly, there was a slight but significant difference in the framewise displacement (FD) parameter between groups in wcs.1183 the eyes-open condition (mean FD = 0.10 for preterms, mean FD = 0.11 for terms) though not for the eyes-closed condition (mean FD = 0.093 for preterms, mean FD = 0.097 for terms). As part of the functional connectivity data processing, WM and CSF values were not included as regressors in the analysis as they were not shown to significantly change the results. These minor technical limitations are not expected to significantly affect the results of this study due to the rigorous frame inclusion criteria, however future studies may benefit from these additional data analysis strategies. Serial data examining patterns of development would strengthen our understanding developmental phenomena related to late preterm birth by looking at dynamic changes over time within the individual rather than at one point in time. Despite promising results from an increasing body of literature, both methods are indirect indicators of functional and anatomical connectivity, respectively. Moreover, conventional DTI is limited by its inability to distinguish tracts within axon-rich crossing-fiber regions, a limitation that may be overcome with future work employing diffusion spectrum imagin.
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