And many thousands more awaiting description (Mason 1981; Rodriguez et al. 2012). ARRY-334543 web Microgastrine wasps are significant in biological control because they attack the larvae of most families of Lepidoptera (Whitfield 1995, 1997). The genus Apanteles was erected by F ster (1862) to include all species of microgastrines lacking a second submarginal cell in the fore wing (from the Greek: A- without, panteles- complete, entire; LLY-507MedChemExpress LLY-507 referring to the “incomplete” venation, i.e., missing cell, when compared with the other genera of Microgastrinae known at the time). As the study of Apanteles progressed, it became evident that it included a huge number of species, and many attempts to subdivide the genus have been made since 1880; there are summarized in Mason (1981) and Whitfield et al. (2002). During the last 150 years more than two dozen new genera have been created as a result of those splitting efforts, but still more than one thousand described species belong to Apanteles (Yu et al. 2012), and thousands more await discovery. It is worth mention that many of these species still belong to Apanteles sensu lato, and have not yet been assigned to currently recognised genera (sensu Mason 1981). Area de Conservaci Guanacaste (ACG) is a single decentralized unit of Costa Rica’s Ministerio del Ambiente, Energia (MINAE; Ministry of Environment and Energy) covering about 2 of Costa Rica in its northwestern corner, slightly south of the southeastern border of Nicaragua (http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr). Comprising 1,200 km2 of terrestrial habitat (centered at 10.8 latitude, -85.6 longitude), it is a swath from Pacific coastal mangroves across lowland dry forest (dry season deciduous), up the slopes of three volcanoes to cloud forest (1400?000 m), and down into Caribbean lowland (90 m) rain forest. It is only 85 km from east to west, yet contains portions of eight Holdridge Life Zones within mosaics of them, some as small as 5 km in linear dimensions and 20 km2. Nearly all of the ACG lowlands have been subjected to four centuries of light to intense cultivation, logging, burning, hunting, ranching, and other forms of habitat destruction, followed by explicit protection and restoration beginning in 1971 and intensifying after 1985 (Janzen 1988, 2000, 2002). The outcome is a mosaic of all imaginable ages and kinds of secondary succession intermingled with tiny to medium-sized fragments of approximations of intact forest (more intact in upper elevations than lower), as well as severe blurring and elimination of interdigitated boundaries between habitats and ecosystems (Janzen 1986-1988). All of the ACG region has also now experienced at least two decades of notable drying and increasing weather unpredictability, rendering it yet more difficult to know if the marked annual and decadal population changes are being generated by climate changes, successional changes, insularization of the ACG ecological island in the agroscape, species-by-species biological serendipity, and/or interactions among all of these (Janzen et al. 2011).Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…ACG has been the focus of 34+ years of inventory of wild-caught caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids, as described in detail in Janzen et al. (2009) and Janzen and Hallwachs (2011), and available in a rearing-by-rearing specimen-based public database at Janzen and Hallwachs (2013). The ACG is currently staffed and supported by about 180 Costa Ric.And many thousands more awaiting description (Mason 1981; Rodriguez et al. 2012). Microgastrine wasps are significant in biological control because they attack the larvae of most families of Lepidoptera (Whitfield 1995, 1997). The genus Apanteles was erected by F ster (1862) to include all species of microgastrines lacking a second submarginal cell in the fore wing (from the Greek: A- without, panteles- complete, entire; referring to the “incomplete” venation, i.e., missing cell, when compared with the other genera of Microgastrinae known at the time). As the study of Apanteles progressed, it became evident that it included a huge number of species, and many attempts to subdivide the genus have been made since 1880; there are summarized in Mason (1981) and Whitfield et al. (2002). During the last 150 years more than two dozen new genera have been created as a result of those splitting efforts, but still more than one thousand described species belong to Apanteles (Yu et al. 2012), and thousands more await discovery. It is worth mention that many of these species still belong to Apanteles sensu lato, and have not yet been assigned to currently recognised genera (sensu Mason 1981). Area de Conservaci Guanacaste (ACG) is a single decentralized unit of Costa Rica’s Ministerio del Ambiente, Energia (MINAE; Ministry of Environment and Energy) covering about 2 of Costa Rica in its northwestern corner, slightly south of the southeastern border of Nicaragua (http://www.acguanacaste.ac.cr). Comprising 1,200 km2 of terrestrial habitat (centered at 10.8 latitude, -85.6 longitude), it is a swath from Pacific coastal mangroves across lowland dry forest (dry season deciduous), up the slopes of three volcanoes to cloud forest (1400?000 m), and down into Caribbean lowland (90 m) rain forest. It is only 85 km from east to west, yet contains portions of eight Holdridge Life Zones within mosaics of them, some as small as 5 km in linear dimensions and 20 km2. Nearly all of the ACG lowlands have been subjected to four centuries of light to intense cultivation, logging, burning, hunting, ranching, and other forms of habitat destruction, followed by explicit protection and restoration beginning in 1971 and intensifying after 1985 (Janzen 1988, 2000, 2002). The outcome is a mosaic of all imaginable ages and kinds of secondary succession intermingled with tiny to medium-sized fragments of approximations of intact forest (more intact in upper elevations than lower), as well as severe blurring and elimination of interdigitated boundaries between habitats and ecosystems (Janzen 1986-1988). All of the ACG region has also now experienced at least two decades of notable drying and increasing weather unpredictability, rendering it yet more difficult to know if the marked annual and decadal population changes are being generated by climate changes, successional changes, insularization of the ACG ecological island in the agroscape, species-by-species biological serendipity, and/or interactions among all of these (Janzen et al. 2011).Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)…ACG has been the focus of 34+ years of inventory of wild-caught caterpillars, their food plants and their parasitoids, as described in detail in Janzen et al. (2009) and Janzen and Hallwachs (2011), and available in a rearing-by-rearing specimen-based public database at Janzen and Hallwachs (2013). The ACG is currently staffed and supported by about 180 Costa Ric.
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