Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and orosomucoid

Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and orosomucoid) and changes in adipokines (adiponectin, leptin). All these markers are possiblyinvolved in obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis [6,7]. Numerous data indicate the impact of periodontal 4 IBP biological activity diseases on health [8]. An increased prevalence of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke has been reported in patients with periodontal disease [9,10,11]. The underlying biological mechanism involves local periodontal inflammation that may increase the levels of systemic inflammatory mediators, thereby promoting atherosclerosis and insulin resistance [12]. A potential link between obesity and periodontitis has also been shown [13,14,15]. Obesity may be a factor contributing to periodontitis severity via a modulation of the immune system [16]. However, little is known about the systemic effects of periodontitis on obesity and its related comorbidities [17,18,19]. To date, no study has specifically focused on the periodontal status of morbidly obese subjects (Body Mass Index 40 kg/m2). We hypothesized that periodontitis in morbidly obese subjects could alter the profile of inflammatory mediators. Consequently, we conducted a study to determine the extent to which periodontitis influences systemic levels of inflammatory mediators in a group of morbidly obese patients.Orosomucoid, Obesity and PeriodontitisMethods and Procedures Selection of subjectsIn this cross-sectional study, all included subjects were recruited from the patients referred to the Department of PS 1145 site Nutrition, Center of Reference for Medical and Surgical Care of Obesity (CREMO, Pitie-Salpetriere hospital, Paris, France) for bariatric surgery. ?^ ` Before surgery, these patients underwent a periodontal screening at the Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital (Paris, France). All patients, referred between September 2007 and July 2008, were considered for inclusion. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with subjects in indoor clothing and no shoes. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm with a wall-mounted stadiometer, in the same conditions. The subject’s weight was stable (i.e. variation of less than 62 kg) for at least 3 months prior to the operation. Subjects did not demonstrate evidence of acute or chronic inflammatory disease, infectious diseases, viral infection, cancer and/or known alcohol consumption (.20 g per day). Patients having rheumatoid arthritis, malignant disease, or a past history of cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. Patients were considered type 2 diabetics if they used an oral antidiabetic treatment, or had fasting blood glucose 1.26 g/l or glycated hemoglobin above 6.5 . Included patients had to have 10 or more teeth. Smoking status (current, former, and never) was evaluated quantitatively as the number of cigarettes per day. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Paris Ilede-France, and all the participants provided their written, informed consent to participate in the study.the entrance to the gingival sulcus. Four criteria were possible: 0, normal gingiva; 1, mild inflammation but no bleeding on probing; 2, moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing; 3, severe inflammation and ulceration, with a tendency for spontaneous bleeding. In our study, each surface was given a score, and then the scores were totaled and divided by six. That number was.Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and orosomucoid) and changes in adipokines (adiponectin, leptin). All these markers are possiblyinvolved in obesity-related comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis [6,7]. Numerous data indicate the impact of periodontal diseases on health [8]. An increased prevalence of diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke has been reported in patients with periodontal disease [9,10,11]. The underlying biological mechanism involves local periodontal inflammation that may increase the levels of systemic inflammatory mediators, thereby promoting atherosclerosis and insulin resistance [12]. A potential link between obesity and periodontitis has also been shown [13,14,15]. Obesity may be a factor contributing to periodontitis severity via a modulation of the immune system [16]. However, little is known about the systemic effects of periodontitis on obesity and its related comorbidities [17,18,19]. To date, no study has specifically focused on the periodontal status of morbidly obese subjects (Body Mass Index 40 kg/m2). We hypothesized that periodontitis in morbidly obese subjects could alter the profile of inflammatory mediators. Consequently, we conducted a study to determine the extent to which periodontitis influences systemic levels of inflammatory mediators in a group of morbidly obese patients.Orosomucoid, Obesity and PeriodontitisMethods and Procedures Selection of subjectsIn this cross-sectional study, all included subjects were recruited from the patients referred to the Department of Nutrition, Center of Reference for Medical and Surgical Care of Obesity (CREMO, Pitie-Salpetriere hospital, Paris, France) for bariatric surgery. ?^ ` Before surgery, these patients underwent a periodontal screening at the Department of Odontology, Bretonneau Hospital (Paris, France). All patients, referred between September 2007 and July 2008, were considered for inclusion. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with subjects in indoor clothing and no shoes. Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm with a wall-mounted stadiometer, in the same conditions. The subject’s weight was stable (i.e. variation of less than 62 kg) for at least 3 months prior to the operation. Subjects did not demonstrate evidence of acute or chronic inflammatory disease, infectious diseases, viral infection, cancer and/or known alcohol consumption (.20 g per day). Patients having rheumatoid arthritis, malignant disease, or a past history of cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. Patients were considered type 2 diabetics if they used an oral antidiabetic treatment, or had fasting blood glucose 1.26 g/l or glycated hemoglobin above 6.5 . Included patients had to have 10 or more teeth. Smoking status (current, former, and never) was evaluated quantitatively as the number of cigarettes per day. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Paris Ilede-France, and all the participants provided their written, informed consent to participate in the study.the entrance to the gingival sulcus. Four criteria were possible: 0, normal gingiva; 1, mild inflammation but no bleeding on probing; 2, moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing; 3, severe inflammation and ulceration, with a tendency for spontaneous bleeding. In our study, each surface was given a score, and then the scores were totaled and divided by six. That number was.