Ease [11,12]. To test if expression of oncogenic Ras in GC B-cells was sufficient to induce myeloma, we utilized transgenic mice harboring a constitutively active Kras (G12D mutation) knocked-in to the endogenous Kras locus and flanked by a Lox-Stop-Lox cassette [13]. The Kras mouse model has been successfully used in several labs in developing cancer models [14,15] [13,16]. These mice were crossed with two different mature B cell-specific Cre recombinase (Cre) mouse strains (Cc1-Cre and AID-Cre) to definitively test the effects of Ras activation in post-GC B-cells, including downstream memory B and 115103-85-0 plasma cells [17,18]. As Ras activation can induce cellular senescence [19] and often requires cooperating mutations to induce transformation, so we also generated a strain of triple transgenic mice by crossing Oltipraz chemical information KrasG12D mice with mice null for the P19ARF tumor-suppressor gene (Arf 2/2) [20]. Arf (P14ARF in humans) is a potent tumor suppressor gene that cooperates with Ras activation in cellular transformation and carcinogenesis [21,22]. In patients with myeloma, the P14/P16 locus is methylated in 42 [23], although the biological significance of this epigenetic modification is contested [24].GC B-Cells Resist Transformation by KrasSurprisingly, in these settings we found B-cell development to be only subtly perturbed, even in 16985061 the setting of Arf deficiency. Conversely, mice frequently developed tumors harboring Crerecombined Ras alleles in non-B-cell tissues due to small amounts of off-target Cre expression. These data demonstrate that post-GC B-cells are resistant to transformation by mutations that are strongly oncogenic in other cellular contexts and that Ras activation must likely cooperate with tissue-specific mutations or epigenetic events to induce myeloma.Results Cc1-Cre KrasG12D Mice Develop Thymic Lymphomas and Lung Adenomas but not MyelomaTo examine the effect of Kras in plasma cells, we generated double transgenic mice. In KrasG12D mice, the G12D mutation is knocked-in to the endogenous Kras locus, upstream of the LoxStop-Lox cassette (Figure 1A,B). KrasG12D mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase (Cre) under control of the Ig heavy chain 23148522 locus (Cc1-Cre) reported to express Cre selectively in a subset of germinal center B-cells (Figure 1C). We first confirmed that wild type Kras is strongly expressed in ?murine B-lineage cells; naive splenic B-cells, germinal center Bcells, memory B-cells and plasma cells from C57BL/6 mice (Figure 2A) [25]. As expected, Cre-mediated excision of the Kras allele stop cassette was robust and specific to B-lineage cells undergoing class-switch recombination in vitro (Figure 2B and Figure S1). We also confirmed Cre-recombination in vivo in mature B-cell populations isolated from Cc1-Cre KrasG12D mice by fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS). Splenic germinal center B-cells (B220+/IgM2/GL7+) and class switched memory/ plasma cells (IgG1+) demonstrated clear, albeit low-level recombination, as did bone marrow plasma cells (B220lo/CD138+, Figure 2C). ?We aged Cc1-Cre KrasG12D mice, both naive and immunized with chicken gamma globulin to expand plasma cells, to monitor the development of disease. After 100 days, 58 ?(n = 12) of naive mice developed weight loss, ruffled fur and shortness of breath and were found on necropsy to have thoracic cavity tumors. Unexpectedly, these tumors were T-lymphoblastic in phenotype (CD4+CD8+) by flow cytometry ?(Figure S2A). Additionally, 42 (n = 12).Ease [11,12]. To test if expression of oncogenic Ras in GC B-cells was sufficient to induce myeloma, we utilized transgenic mice harboring a constitutively active Kras (G12D mutation) knocked-in to the endogenous Kras locus and flanked by a Lox-Stop-Lox cassette [13]. The Kras mouse model has been successfully used in several labs in developing cancer models [14,15] [13,16]. These mice were crossed with two different mature B cell-specific Cre recombinase (Cre) mouse strains (Cc1-Cre and AID-Cre) to definitively test the effects of Ras activation in post-GC B-cells, including downstream memory B and plasma cells [17,18]. As Ras activation can induce cellular senescence [19] and often requires cooperating mutations to induce transformation, so we also generated a strain of triple transgenic mice by crossing KrasG12D mice with mice null for the P19ARF tumor-suppressor gene (Arf 2/2) [20]. Arf (P14ARF in humans) is a potent tumor suppressor gene that cooperates with Ras activation in cellular transformation and carcinogenesis [21,22]. In patients with myeloma, the P14/P16 locus is methylated in 42 [23], although the biological significance of this epigenetic modification is contested [24].GC B-Cells Resist Transformation by KrasSurprisingly, in these settings we found B-cell development to be only subtly perturbed, even in 16985061 the setting of Arf deficiency. Conversely, mice frequently developed tumors harboring Crerecombined Ras alleles in non-B-cell tissues due to small amounts of off-target Cre expression. These data demonstrate that post-GC B-cells are resistant to transformation by mutations that are strongly oncogenic in other cellular contexts and that Ras activation must likely cooperate with tissue-specific mutations or epigenetic events to induce myeloma.Results Cc1-Cre KrasG12D Mice Develop Thymic Lymphomas and Lung Adenomas but not MyelomaTo examine the effect of Kras in plasma cells, we generated double transgenic mice. In KrasG12D mice, the G12D mutation is knocked-in to the endogenous Kras locus, upstream of the LoxStop-Lox cassette (Figure 1A,B). KrasG12D mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase (Cre) under control of the Ig heavy chain 23148522 locus (Cc1-Cre) reported to express Cre selectively in a subset of germinal center B-cells (Figure 1C). We first confirmed that wild type Kras is strongly expressed in ?murine B-lineage cells; naive splenic B-cells, germinal center Bcells, memory B-cells and plasma cells from C57BL/6 mice (Figure 2A) [25]. As expected, Cre-mediated excision of the Kras allele stop cassette was robust and specific to B-lineage cells undergoing class-switch recombination in vitro (Figure 2B and Figure S1). We also confirmed Cre-recombination in vivo in mature B-cell populations isolated from Cc1-Cre KrasG12D mice by fluorescence associated cell sorting (FACS). Splenic germinal center B-cells (B220+/IgM2/GL7+) and class switched memory/ plasma cells (IgG1+) demonstrated clear, albeit low-level recombination, as did bone marrow plasma cells (B220lo/CD138+, Figure 2C). ?We aged Cc1-Cre KrasG12D mice, both naive and immunized with chicken gamma globulin to expand plasma cells, to monitor the development of disease. After 100 days, 58 ?(n = 12) of naive mice developed weight loss, ruffled fur and shortness of breath and were found on necropsy to have thoracic cavity tumors. Unexpectedly, these tumors were T-lymphoblastic in phenotype (CD4+CD8+) by flow cytometry ?(Figure S2A). Additionally, 42 (n = 12).
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