Hypoxia-inducible element high-mobility group box1 intercellular adhesion molecule interleukin induced pluripotent stem cell junctional adhesion molecule L-type amino acid transporter Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 39 Proteins custom synthesis low-density lipoSmall Ubiquitin Like Modifier 3 Proteins Recombinant Proteins protein N-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester lipopolysaccharideAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptGLUT1 GPER-1 HFD HIF HMGB1 ICAM IL iPSC JAM LAT LDL L-NAME LPSProg Neurobiol. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2019 April 01.Jiang et al.PageMAPKmitogen-activated protein kinase middle cerebral artery occlusion MCAO monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor metalloproteinase magnetic resonance imaging nitric oxide nitric oxide synthase neurovascular unit oxygen glucose deprivation photoacoustic imaging platelet-derived development factor receptorAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptMCAO MCP1 MIF MMP MRI NO NOS NVU OGD PAI PDGFRPECAM-1 platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 PET P-gp PI3K PKC ROCK ROS shh SHR SHRSP SOD TEER TGF TJ TNF tPA Treg positron emission tomography P-glycoprotein phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase protein kinase C Rho-associated protein kinase reactive oxygen species Sonic hedgehog spontaneously hypertensive rat stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat superoxide dismutase transendothelial electrical resistance Transforming development factor beta tight junction tumor necrosis issue tissue plasminogen activator regulatory T-cellsProg Neurobiol. Author manuscript; offered in PMC 2019 April 01.Jiang et al.PageVCAMvascular cell adhesion protein vascular endothelial development aspect Wistar Kyoto zonula occludensAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptVEGF WKY ZO
International Journal ofMolecular SciencesReviewDual Roles of Astrocyte-Derived Things in Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Function soon after Brain DamageShotaro Michinaga 1 and Yutaka Koyama two, 1Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, 3-11-1 Nishikiori-Kita, Tondabayashi, Osaka 584-8540, Japan; [email protected] Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558, Japan Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-78-441-Received: 26 December 2018; Accepted: 27 January 2019; Published: 29 JanuaryAbstract: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is usually a major functional barrier inside the central nervous method (CNS), and inhibits the extravasation of intravascular contents and transports many vital nutrients in between the blood and the brain. Just after brain damage by traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia and several other CNS issues, the functions from the BBB are disrupted, resulting in serious secondary damage including brain edema and inflammatory injury. Thus, BBB protection and recovery are regarded novel therapeutic strategies for lowering brain harm. Emerging evidence suggests crucial roles of astrocyte-derived factors in BBB disruption and recovery immediately after brain harm. The astrocyte-derived vascular permeability elements include vascular endothelial growth things, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, glutamate and endothelin-1, which enhance BBB permeability leading to BBB disruption. By contrast, the astrocyte-derived protective variables include angiopoietin-1, sonic hedgehog, glial-derived neurotrophic element, retinoic acid and insulin-like development factor-1 and apolipoprotein E which attenuate BBB permeability resulting in recovery of.
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