5 NovemberAbstract: Sustainable agricultural practices are still critical because of soil degradation5 NovemberAbstract: Sustainable agricultural

5 NovemberAbstract: Sustainable agricultural practices are still critical because of soil degradation
5 NovemberAbstract: Sustainable agricultural practices are still vital as a result of soil degradation and crop losses. Recently, the relationship among plants and nanoparticles (NPs) attracted scientists’ focus, in particular for applications in agricultural production as nanonutrition. As a result, the present investigation was carried out to investigate the impact of Fe3 O4 NPs at low concentrations (0, 1, ten, and 20 mg/L) on three genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings grown in hydroponic conditions. Substantial increases in seedling development, enhanced chlorophyll high-quality and quantity, and two miRNA expression levels were observed. In addition, increased genotoxicity was observed in seedlings grown with NPs. Commonly, Fe3 O4 NPs at low concentrations could be successfully applied as nanonutrition for increasing barley photosynthetic efficiency with consequently enhanced yield. These results are significant to get a greater understanding on the possible effect of Fe3 O4 NPs at low concentrations in agricultural crops as well as the potential of these NPs as nanonutrition for barley development and yield enhancement. Future studies are needed to investigate the impact of those NPs around the expression of resistance-related genes and chlorophyll synthesis-related gene expression in treated barley seedlings. Keywords and phrases: miRNAs; nanonutrition; sustainable agriculture; plant nanobiotechnology1. Introduction As outlined by a Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) report, many persons nonetheless expertise meals shortages. Furthermore, the specifications for meals will gradually boost on the planet, at the very least until 2030 [1]. Permanent pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide use, and climate adjust induce soil degradation and crop losses [2,3]. Therefore, sustainable agricultural practices are essential for humankind [3]. Lately, the relationship amongst plants and nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted scientists’ interest, specifically to its application in agricultural production as nanonutrition. It has been shown that a compact quantity of diverse NPs are present in agricultural soil which happen to be shown to accumulate in plants [1]. Investigation has explored that NPs, resulting from their little size (one hundred nm), can pass plant biological barriers, thus allowing effective delivery of nutrients/micronutrients [4]. Therefore, NPs, as a versatile resource of plant nanobiotechnology, can boost the management of crop illness and crop loss, thereby increasing plant resistance to many environmental biotic and abiotic stressors. Moreover, this strategy reduces the use of chemical fertilisers and soil contamination and degradation, promoting sustainable agricultural production [3].Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is definitely an open access article distributed under the terms and circumstances of the LILRA2 Proteins Recombinant Proteins Inventive HPV E6 Proteins Purity & Documentation Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ four.0/).Molecules 2021, 26, 6710. https://doi.org/10.3390/moleculeshttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2021, 26,two ofMicronutrients are critical to protect crops from plant pathogens as well as the illnesses they lead to [9,10]. Iron (Fe) is an vital nutrient utilised for chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and respiration [11]. Nonetheless, the uptake of iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) NPs is restricted in plants as a consequence of the low solubility of those NPs in water. Fe-based N.