Inally, high-resolution sensors are defined as those using a handful of meters resolution, such as

Inally, high-resolution sensors are defined as those using a handful of meters resolution, such as three m or significantly less. IKONOS-2 belongs to this category and may be found in a number of studies of benthic habitat mapping [869], but mostly just before 2015, the year it has ceased operating. GaoFen-2 satellite, launched in 2014, has the exact same spatial and spectral resolution as IKONOS-2, but will not be as extensively utilized [90], perhaps due to the fact of its age: it was launched in 2014, when some sensors already had a much better resolution. GaoFen have diverse satellites (from GaoFen-1 to GaoFen-14) that have the same or perhaps a decrease resolution than GaoFen-2. Using a comparable sensor plus a slightly superior resolution than IKONOS-2, the Quickbird-2 satellite offers photos for a number of research of reef mapping [58,916]. Please note that the Quickbird-2 program was stopped in 2015. Equivalent features are proposed by the Pleiades-1 satellites, from the Optical and Radar Federated Earth Observation program, also present within the literature [97,98]. An even higher accuracy is often discovered with GNE-371 manufacturer GeoEye-1 satellite,Remote Sens. 2021, 13,six ofproviding photos at a resolution of much less than 1m, generating it particularly helpful to study coral reefs [99]. One of the most widespread and most precise satellite photos come from WorldView satellites. For example, WorldView-2 (WV-2), launched in 2009, has been widely applied for benthic habitat mapping and coastline extraction [40,76,90,10007]. In spite of the high-resolution pictures supplied by WV-2, the highest high-quality images out there at the present time come from WorldView-3 (WV-3), launched in 2014 [39,10810]. WV-3 features a total of 16 spectral bands and is therefore in a position to compete with hyperspectral sensors with more than a hundred bands (like Hyperion). Furthermore, its spatial resolution could be the highest accessible among present satellites, and is even comparable to nearby measurement methods for instance Unmanned Airborne Automobiles (UAV) [111]. Amongst each of the spectral bands supplied by the WV-3 sensors, the coastal blue band (40050 nm) is particularly beneficial for bathymetry, as this wavelength penetrates water a lot more AAPK-25 Protocol effortlessly and may possibly enable to discriminate seagrass patterns [112]. Though the raw SWIR resolution is reduce than the one achieved in visible and near-infrared bands, it may be additional processed to generate high-resolution SWIR photos [113]. In addition, the WV-3 panchromatic resolution is 0.three m, which almost reaches the common size of coral reef components (0.25 m), therefore creating it also beneficial for reef monitoring [114]. To additional evaluate the importance of each and every satellite inside the global literature (not simply on coral studies) and to detect trends in their use, we searched in Scopus and analyzed the amount of articles in which they seem involving 2010 and 2020. Quite a few trends can be noticed. Initial, amongst low-resolution satellites, it appears that when the usage of Landsat remains steady over the year, the usage of Sentinel has exploded (by a multiplication aspect of 20 between the period 2014014 and 2018020). With regards to high-resolution satellites, we detect trends in their usage: inside the period 2010014, Quickbird and IKONOS satellites have been predominant, but their usage decreased by greater than 85 through the years 2018020. However, the number of papers published making use of WorldView and PlanetScope has been increasing: respectively from 108 and 0 in 2010014, to 271 and 164 in 2018020. The full numbers for every satellite might be identified in Figure A1. Figure three depicts which satellites had been employed in th.