E. Q.H., F.M. and C.Y. performed the experiments and collected and analyzed the information. Q.H.

E. Q.H., F.M. and C.Y. performed the experiments and collected and analyzed the information. Q.H. wrote the code. L.L. reviewed the draft, created substantial comments, and was accountable for funding. All authors have study and agreed towards the published version on the manuscript. Funding: This analysis was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China, under grant quantity 61801180, 81460275, Jiangxi Provincial Nature Science Foundation, grant number 20202BAB202003, 20192BAB207007. Institutional Overview Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Written informed consent was obtained in the volunteers to publish this paper. Information Availability Statement: All measurement information in this paper happen to be listed within the content with the report, which may be applied by all peers for connected research. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
sensorsArticleLECAR: Location Estimation-Based Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Sparsely Deployed Energy-Efficient UAVsMK-1903 MedChemExpress imtiaz Mahmud and You-Ze Cho College of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]: Energy-efficient routing has come to be a vital concern for sophisticated energy-hungry unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Routing inside a flying ad hoc network is normally challenging and becomes a lot more crucial when a smaller number of UAVs ought to cover a big location. The routing protocols based around the delay-tolerant network (DTN) are very best suited for such scenarios. Having said that, traditional DTN-based routing protocols depend on data dissemination to supply a superior packet delivery ratio, leading to congestion and excess transmissions, causing heavy and unnecessary energy consumption. We propose a location estimation-based congestion-aware routing protocol (LECAR) to balance these two concerns. Thinking of outdated place info, LECAR takes benefit of the mobility model to estimate the present place in the destination. Also, LECAR routes a packet by thinking of each the distance to destination and buffer occupancy with the neighboring UAVs. Simulation benefits show that LECAR could assure both a higher packet delivery ratio and low power consumption. Moreover, LECAR could deliver a minimal variety of transmissions, when minimizing the number of copies per packet at a time.Citation: Mahmud, I.; Cho, Y.-Z. LECAR: Place Estimation-Based Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Sparsely Deployed Energy-Efficient UAVs. Sensors 2021, 21, 7192. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21217192 Academic Editor: Mihael Mohorcic Received: 28 September 2021 Accepted: 28 October 2021 Published: 29 OctoberKeywords: DTN; DTN-based routing protocol; energy-efficient routing protocol; energy-efficient UAV; FANET; location estimation-based routing protocol; LECAR1. Introduction Unmanned aerial automobiles (UAVs) have been going by way of rapid technological advancements because of their broader applications, flexibility, PR5-LL-CM01 Epigenetic Reader Domain cost-effectiveness, and, most drastically, lifesaving functionalities. In recent years, intense study has been taking place around the connectivity difficulties of a UAV technique [1]. Particularly inside a multi-UAV program, we observe rapid topological adjustments due to the greater mobility of UAVs [4,5]. This problem has led to a new area of investigation: the flying ad hoc network (FANET) [6]. As opposed to previous ad hoc networks, such as the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) [9] and vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) [10.