Amsung S7 (marked with black when receiver app operating on Samsung S7) at 20 cm, 50 cm, one hundred cm and 200 cm.Afterwards, with all the other smartphones we established 3 scenarios, with devices placed at different distances, i.e., 20, 50 and 100 cm (as shown on the left side of Figure 11) and frequency range involving 16.7 kHz and 20 kHz. We’ve got calculated the bit error price (BER) for every pair of smartphones as follows: BER = noerr , exactly where noerr could be the noall number of wrongly received bits and noall is the total number of received bits. In Table four we show the percentage in the appropriate crucial received and in Table 5 we show the BER for every single distance. In some situations the BER is influenced by which smartphone may be the sender and which can be the receiver, e.g., in case of experiments at 20 cm between Samsung S7 and Motorola E6, when Samsung S7 will be the sender and Motorola E6 may be the receiver, the BER is five.92 and when Motorola E6 is the sender and S7 is definitely the receiver the BER is 0 . This behavior can also be observed between Samsung A3 and Samsung S7 at 20 cm. For all in-door experiments scenarios the selection of the BER is among 0 and 9.66 . In case of 50 cm and 100 cm, in our table we marked with NW the pair of devices, that are not able to acquire all frequencies. In Figure 12 we depict a graphical representation of your outcomes for our indoors experiments for every single smartphone pair, 2′-Aminoacetophenone Protocol except the Samsung S7 amsung A3 pair where in some cases the exchange did not function. For each and every pair of smartphones, we have 3 bars marked with blue when the distance among devices was 20 cm, red for 50 cm and yellow for 100 cm. We depict around the abscissa the pair of smartphones applying the following acronyms: N (Nexus), M (Motorola E6), S7 (Samsung S7) and S3 (Samsung A3).Table 4. Pairing accomplishment rate for indoors experiments (16.70 KHz variety). 20 cm Snd. E6 S7 A3 Nexus Rcv. E6 X 70 90 80 S7 100 X one hundred one hundred A3 80 70 X 90 Nexus one hundred 100 50 X E6 X 40 60 one hundred 50 cm S7 70 X NW 90 A3 60 NW X one hundred Nexus 70 90 40 X E6 X 30 60 60 one hundred cm S7 50 X NW 60 A3 60 NW X one hundred Nexus 80 70 30 XAppl. Sci. 2021, 11,12 ofTable 5. BER for indoors experiments (16.70 KHz range). 20 cm Snd. E6 S7 A3 Nexus Rcv. E6 X 5.92 0.37 5.16 S7 0 X 0 0 A3 2.59 four.81 X 0.37 Nexus 0 0 9.36 X E6 X 5.57 3.38 0 50 cm S7 three.33 X NW 0.37 A3 8.14 NW X 0 Nexus 1.11 1.11 9.66 X E6 X 9.36 6.29 3.71 100 cm S7 4.85 X NW 7.43 A3 9.36 NW X 0 Nexus 1.22 1.85 9.36 XFigure 11. Distance in between phones at indoor measurements (left) and in-vehicle measurements (suitable).Figure 12. The BER (up) and the percentage of appropriate keys (down) for each and every smartphone pair.Appl. Sci. 2021, 11,13 of3.3.2. In-Vehicle Experiments with Smartphones We’ve got tested a number of scenarios inside the car, all D-Lyxose MedChemExpress employing the frequency variety in between 16.7 kHz and 20 kHz but requiring distinct placements of your smartphones: (i) each smartphones placed on the dashboard, (ii) a single smartphone placed around the driver seat as well as the other one particular on the passenger seat and (iii) each smartphones inside the door pocket as is shown in the suitable side of Figure 11. In Table 6 we show the percentage in the correctly received keys and in Table 7 we show the BER for each and every scenario. When the smartphones have been placed within the door pocket we obtained a reduced BER, amongst 0 and four.83 . We take into consideration that this really is because of the fantastic acoustics and quick distance involving the smartphones, roughly 5 cm. On dashboard the BER is involving 0 and five.92 and.
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