Ater Money Kept) PG-1016548 biological activity activates the dACC, bilateral OFC and bilateral dlPFC. A priori ROIs (indicated by order RG7800 circles and corrected at P < 0.05 FWE) were found to be significantly activated for these regions. (B) Parametric regression analysis of the Real PvG Decide event for increasingly pro-social decisions (greater money given up) reveals significant activation in the rostral ACC/mPFC, right temporal pole and right anterior insula. An a priori ROI for the rACC corrected at P < 0.05 FWE was found to be significantly activated. All results portrayed on both axial sections and rendered images at P < 0.005 uncorrected. Both whole brain analysis (P < 0.001 uncorrected) and a priori regions of interest (FWE P < 0.05) were used for all contrasts. All coordinates in MNI space: a complete list of activated areas and ROIs can be found in Tables 6 and 7.Table 6 Parametric modulation weighted by monetary choice for Real PvG Selfish Decisions (Real PvG Decide, weighted 1?)Region Right mid frontal gyrus/dlPFC Right inferior OFC dACC Left mid frontal gyrus Left dlPFC Right dlPFC A priori ROIs dmPFCa Middle frontal gyrusa Left frontal polea ACCa 0 ?4 ?6 6 28 40 10 ?2 ?0 28 Peak MNI coordinates 38 46 26 12 8 10 MNI coordinates 24 2 50 24 40 52 10 34 48 0 38 28 52 52 z value 3.62 3.58 3.25 3.16 3.47 3.20 t-statisticTable 7 Parametric modulation weighted by monetary choice for Real PvG Pro-Social Decisions (Real PvG Decide, weighted 1?)Region Right cuneus MFG/rACC Left TPJ Left temporal pole Left anterior insula A priori ROIs MFG/rACCa ?6 14 ?2 ?4 ?8 ?8 Peak MNI coordinates -82 46 ?8 14 12 MNI coordinates 49 9 28 6 20 30 ?2 z value 3.96 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.85 t-statistic 3.3.61 4.04 3.39 3.ROI ?regions of interest corrected at P < 0.05 FWE using a priori independent coordinates from previous study: aTakahashi et al. (2004).ROI ?regions of interest corrected at P < 0.05 FWE using a priori independent coordinates from previous study; aLiu et al. (2011)Table 6), regions sensitive to cognitive control (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) reward (Kringelbach, 2005) and, in particular, monetary gain (O'Doherty et al., 2001). Activations associated with decreasing self-interest (pro-social behavior) were predominately localized to the mPFC/rostral ACC (rACC), temporal pole and anterior insula (Figure 3B; Table 7; parametric regressions run on the Imagine PvG did not reveal any similar regions). Critically, these parametric analyses also clarified that the activations found during real moral decisions (regardless of the nature of the decision) were not simply an effect of reward classification for monetary gain or loss. Individual differences To test for potential motivating factors driving the selfish and pro-social behavior found in the Real PvG, we explored individualdifferences. Using post-scan questionnaires scores as covariates in a correlated regression for the Real PvG Decision event revealed differential activations for empathic concern and perspective taking (Davis, 1983) and self-reported similarity ratings. Subgenual ACC correlated with increased empathic concern (Table 8) while decreasing empathic concern and perspective-taking activated left putamen, dACC, bilateral dlPFC and bilateral OFC (Table 9). Finally, similarity ratings negatively correlated with the amount of Money Kept and elicited activation in the right anterior insula, while increasing similarity ratings correlated with activation in the ACC mPFC, dmPFC and left OFC (Tables 10 and 11, respectively). DISCUSS.Ater Money Kept) activates the dACC, bilateral OFC and bilateral dlPFC. A priori ROIs (indicated by circles and corrected at P < 0.05 FWE) were found to be significantly activated for these regions. (B) Parametric regression analysis of the Real PvG Decide event for increasingly pro-social decisions (greater money given up) reveals significant activation in the rostral ACC/mPFC, right temporal pole and right anterior insula. An a priori ROI for the rACC corrected at P < 0.05 FWE was found to be significantly activated. All results portrayed on both axial sections and rendered images at P < 0.005 uncorrected. Both whole brain analysis (P < 0.001 uncorrected) and a priori regions of interest (FWE P < 0.05) were used for all contrasts. All coordinates in MNI space: a complete list of activated areas and ROIs can be found in Tables 6 and 7.Table 6 Parametric modulation weighted by monetary choice for Real PvG Selfish Decisions (Real PvG Decide, weighted 1?)Region Right mid frontal gyrus/dlPFC Right inferior OFC dACC Left mid frontal gyrus Left dlPFC Right dlPFC A priori ROIs dmPFCa Middle frontal gyrusa Left frontal polea ACCa 0 ?4 ?6 6 28 40 10 ?2 ?0 28 Peak MNI coordinates 38 46 26 12 8 10 MNI coordinates 24 2 50 24 40 52 10 34 48 0 38 28 52 52 z value 3.62 3.58 3.25 3.16 3.47 3.20 t-statisticTable 7 Parametric modulation weighted by monetary choice for Real PvG Pro-Social Decisions (Real PvG Decide, weighted 1?)Region Right cuneus MFG/rACC Left TPJ Left temporal pole Left anterior insula A priori ROIs MFG/rACCa ?6 14 ?2 ?4 ?8 ?8 Peak MNI coordinates -82 46 ?8 14 12 MNI coordinates 49 9 28 6 20 30 ?2 z value 3.96 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.85 t-statistic 3.3.61 4.04 3.39 3.ROI ?regions of interest corrected at P < 0.05 FWE using a priori independent coordinates from previous study: aTakahashi et al. (2004).ROI ?regions of interest corrected at P < 0.05 FWE using a priori independent coordinates from previous study; aLiu et al. (2011)Table 6), regions sensitive to cognitive control (Ochsner and Gross, 2005) reward (Kringelbach, 2005) and, in particular, monetary gain (O'Doherty et al., 2001). Activations associated with decreasing self-interest (pro-social behavior) were predominately localized to the mPFC/rostral ACC (rACC), temporal pole and anterior insula (Figure 3B; Table 7; parametric regressions run on the Imagine PvG did not reveal any similar regions). Critically, these parametric analyses also clarified that the activations found during real moral decisions (regardless of the nature of the decision) were not simply an effect of reward classification for monetary gain or loss. Individual differences To test for potential motivating factors driving the selfish and pro-social behavior found in the Real PvG, we explored individualdifferences. Using post-scan questionnaires scores as covariates in a correlated regression for the Real PvG Decision event revealed differential activations for empathic concern and perspective taking (Davis, 1983) and self-reported similarity ratings. Subgenual ACC correlated with increased empathic concern (Table 8) while decreasing empathic concern and perspective-taking activated left putamen, dACC, bilateral dlPFC and bilateral OFC (Table 9). Finally, similarity ratings negatively correlated with the amount of Money Kept and elicited activation in the right anterior insula, while increasing similarity ratings correlated with activation in the ACC mPFC, dmPFC and left OFC (Tables 10 and 11, respectively). DISCUSS.
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