Of the meta-regression analysis in regard to new neurological dysfunctions with caution. According to previous investigations [5], Nossek et al. showed a better neurological outcome in the AC, than in the failure group [42]. Furthermore, similar to other studies [65,66], Grossman et al.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.P144 biological activity 0156448 May 26,35 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy[31] could confirm a longer survival time depending on the extent of tumour resection. Of, note a selection bias in this analysis cannot be excluded, as there were most likely baseline differences between the patients who underwent AC with gross total resection and patients who underwent only biopsy or subtotal resection. Kim et al. underlined the importance of gross total resection particularly with regard to a significantly better neurological outcome [37]. Awake craniotomy is a demanding but safe procedure, none of the patients involved in the studies selected for this SR showed a serious adverse event, which could not be handled during AC. Well-considered patient selection has a big impact on the success of AC. More studies including multi-morbid or high-risk patients are required to confirm their eligibility to undergo AC as reported in four of our identified studies [28,34,43,45]. Pre-/ and postoperative MRI and neuropsychological testing were reported in almost all studies and should be performed routinely before AC. Additional recording of neurological exam videos before and after surgery may facilitate the neurological outcome measurement [47]. Bilotta et al. described their experience with perioperative language testing by an anaesthesiologist in RG7666 biological activity twenty patients undergoing MAC technique for AC [10]. They pointed out the importance of perioperative language testing, also in settings without the presence of a professional language therapist. During the pre-operative language testing they identified patients with risk for postoperative language disturbances and patients with pre-operative deficits, which facilitated intraoperative identification of language deterioration. Furthermore, the patients were prepared for the upcoming intraoperative language testing tasks. Administration of RSNBs, independent of the anaesthetic technique, has evolved as a safe and reasonable supportive procedure at the beginning of AC. This procedure appears to be superior over merely local scalp infiltration, as it blocks superficial as well as nociceptive afferents to profound tissues [67]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluated postoperative pain after RSNB for craniotomy [67]. The published RCTs of RSNBs were small and of limited methodological quality, but the meta-analysis showed a consistent finding of reduced postoperative pain. Although RSNBs have potential complications, like local anaesthetic toxicity, hypertension, infection, haematoma, nerve injuries and inadvertent subarachnoid injection [68], this SR did not identify any adverse events associated with this procedure [67]. In contrast, a case series of McNicholas et al., including 42 patients with RSNBs, reported seven patients with transient postoperative facial nerve palsy. They recommend limiting the local anaesthetic volume for auriculotemporal nerve block to 3 ml, and staying above the level of the tragus. [41] The specific learning rate to apply adequate RSNB is about ten procedures [69]. Postoperative questionnaires in the study of Beez et al. [21] revealed only in 5.1 severe disc.Of the meta-regression analysis in regard to new neurological dysfunctions with caution. According to previous investigations [5], Nossek et al. showed a better neurological outcome in the AC, than in the failure group [42]. Furthermore, similar to other studies [65,66], Grossman et al.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156448 May 26,35 /Anaesthesia Management for Awake Craniotomy[31] could confirm a longer survival time depending on the extent of tumour resection. Of, note a selection bias in this analysis cannot be excluded, as there were most likely baseline differences between the patients who underwent AC with gross total resection and patients who underwent only biopsy or subtotal resection. Kim et al. underlined the importance of gross total resection particularly with regard to a significantly better neurological outcome [37]. Awake craniotomy is a demanding but safe procedure, none of the patients involved in the studies selected for this SR showed a serious adverse event, which could not be handled during AC. Well-considered patient selection has a big impact on the success of AC. More studies including multi-morbid or high-risk patients are required to confirm their eligibility to undergo AC as reported in four of our identified studies [28,34,43,45]. Pre-/ and postoperative MRI and neuropsychological testing were reported in almost all studies and should be performed routinely before AC. Additional recording of neurological exam videos before and after surgery may facilitate the neurological outcome measurement [47]. Bilotta et al. described their experience with perioperative language testing by an anaesthesiologist in twenty patients undergoing MAC technique for AC [10]. They pointed out the importance of perioperative language testing, also in settings without the presence of a professional language therapist. During the pre-operative language testing they identified patients with risk for postoperative language disturbances and patients with pre-operative deficits, which facilitated intraoperative identification of language deterioration. Furthermore, the patients were prepared for the upcoming intraoperative language testing tasks. Administration of RSNBs, independent of the anaesthetic technique, has evolved as a safe and reasonable supportive procedure at the beginning of AC. This procedure appears to be superior over merely local scalp infiltration, as it blocks superficial as well as nociceptive afferents to profound tissues [67]. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluated postoperative pain after RSNB for craniotomy [67]. The published RCTs of RSNBs were small and of limited methodological quality, but the meta-analysis showed a consistent finding of reduced postoperative pain. Although RSNBs have potential complications, like local anaesthetic toxicity, hypertension, infection, haematoma, nerve injuries and inadvertent subarachnoid injection [68], this SR did not identify any adverse events associated with this procedure [67]. In contrast, a case series of McNicholas et al., including 42 patients with RSNBs, reported seven patients with transient postoperative facial nerve palsy. They recommend limiting the local anaesthetic volume for auriculotemporal nerve block to 3 ml, and staying above the level of the tragus. [41] The specific learning rate to apply adequate RSNB is about ten procedures [69]. Postoperative questionnaires in the study of Beez et al. [21] revealed only in 5.1 severe disc.
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