Ngly for a general semantic schema (e.g. a restaurant schema), but not for a 3-MA price specific event or specific lexical item, in which case it can lead to facilitated semantic processing of words whose semantic features are related to this schema, as reflected by an attenuation of the N400 ERP component, even when this incoming word is lexically highly unexpected or even anomalous (e.g. Kolk, Chwilla, van Herten, Oor, 2003; Kuperberg, 2007; Kuperberg, Sitnikova, Caplan, Holcomb, 2003; Metusalem et al., 2012; Paczynski Kuperberg, 2012). A second important factor that can influence predictive pre-activation is the comprehender’s current goal. One way of experimentally examining the effect of goal is to manipulate task instructions or demands, and there is indeed evidence that task can influence whether neural (ERP) purchase AZD4547 facilitation is seen to incoming words (for examples, see Chwilla, Brown, Hagoort, 1995; Kuperberg, 2007; Paczynski Kuperberg, 2012; Xiang Kuperberg, 2015; see also McCarthy Nobre, 1993). For example, in a recent ERP study, Xiang Kuperberg (2015) showed that, with a requirement to explicitly judge discourse coherence, comprehenders were able to construct a deep situation-level representation of context and use it to access their stored knowledge of real-world event relationships to predict upcoming events, thereby facilitating semantic processing of incoming coherent words. With no such requirement, however, no such semantic facilitation was seen, at least for some types of sentences. There is less work using the visual world paradigm that explicitly contrasts patterns of eye movements with different task instructions. However, there is at least some evidence that task demands can influence the degree to which anticipatory eye movements are seen towards a particular referent (Altmann Kamide, 1999; Ferreira, Foucart, Engelhardt, 2013; Sussman, 2006, see Salverda, Brown, Tanenhaus, 2011 for discussion in relation to the visual world paradigm, and see Hayhoe Ballard, 2005 for more general discussion).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptLang Cogn Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 January 01.Kuperberg and JaegerPageGoals, of course, are not only influenced by the types of explicit tasks given to participants in psycholinguistic experiments; they play a critical role in everyday language comprehension (see Clark, 1992; Kuperberg, 2007, and Tanenhaus Brown-Schmidt, 2008, for discussion). As noted above, one can understand the broad goal of comprehension as being to infer the message communicated by the speaker or writer. However, a comprehender’s specific goal will depend on the particular situation. During everyday conversation, it will often be to discern the producer’s underlying intention as conveyed by speech acts (see Brown-Schmidt, Yoon, Ryskin, 2015; Levinson, 2003; Yoon, Koh, Brown-Schmidt, 2012 for discussion), and there are now several studies using the visual real-world paradigm showing that the presence or absence of anticipatory eye movements can be influenced by multiple different types of information in both the discourse and nonverbal context, which can cue comprehenders towards carrying out the particular action that the producer intended them to produce (see Salverda et al., 2011; Tanenhaus, Chambers, Hanna, 2004; Tanenhaus Trueswell, 2006 for discussion and reviews). For example, Chambers, Tanenhaus, Magnuson (2004) asked participants t.Ngly for a general semantic schema (e.g. a restaurant schema), but not for a specific event or specific lexical item, in which case it can lead to facilitated semantic processing of words whose semantic features are related to this schema, as reflected by an attenuation of the N400 ERP component, even when this incoming word is lexically highly unexpected or even anomalous (e.g. Kolk, Chwilla, van Herten, Oor, 2003; Kuperberg, 2007; Kuperberg, Sitnikova, Caplan, Holcomb, 2003; Metusalem et al., 2012; Paczynski Kuperberg, 2012). A second important factor that can influence predictive pre-activation is the comprehender’s current goal. One way of experimentally examining the effect of goal is to manipulate task instructions or demands, and there is indeed evidence that task can influence whether neural (ERP) facilitation is seen to incoming words (for examples, see Chwilla, Brown, Hagoort, 1995; Kuperberg, 2007; Paczynski Kuperberg, 2012; Xiang Kuperberg, 2015; see also McCarthy Nobre, 1993). For example, in a recent ERP study, Xiang Kuperberg (2015) showed that, with a requirement to explicitly judge discourse coherence, comprehenders were able to construct a deep situation-level representation of context and use it to access their stored knowledge of real-world event relationships to predict upcoming events, thereby facilitating semantic processing of incoming coherent words. With no such requirement, however, no such semantic facilitation was seen, at least for some types of sentences. There is less work using the visual world paradigm that explicitly contrasts patterns of eye movements with different task instructions. However, there is at least some evidence that task demands can influence the degree to which anticipatory eye movements are seen towards a particular referent (Altmann Kamide, 1999; Ferreira, Foucart, Engelhardt, 2013; Sussman, 2006, see Salverda, Brown, Tanenhaus, 2011 for discussion in relation to the visual world paradigm, and see Hayhoe Ballard, 2005 for more general discussion).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptLang Cogn Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 January 01.Kuperberg and JaegerPageGoals, of course, are not only influenced by the types of explicit tasks given to participants in psycholinguistic experiments; they play a critical role in everyday language comprehension (see Clark, 1992; Kuperberg, 2007, and Tanenhaus Brown-Schmidt, 2008, for discussion). As noted above, one can understand the broad goal of comprehension as being to infer the message communicated by the speaker or writer. However, a comprehender’s specific goal will depend on the particular situation. During everyday conversation, it will often be to discern the producer’s underlying intention as conveyed by speech acts (see Brown-Schmidt, Yoon, Ryskin, 2015; Levinson, 2003; Yoon, Koh, Brown-Schmidt, 2012 for discussion), and there are now several studies using the visual real-world paradigm showing that the presence or absence of anticipatory eye movements can be influenced by multiple different types of information in both the discourse and nonverbal context, which can cue comprehenders towards carrying out the particular action that the producer intended them to produce (see Salverda et al., 2011; Tanenhaus, Chambers, Hanna, 2004; Tanenhaus Trueswell, 2006 for discussion and reviews). For example, Chambers, Tanenhaus, Magnuson (2004) asked participants t.
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