N the group of Necrostatin-1MedChemExpress Necrostatin-1 antioxidant minerals, selenium has a special importance because it is a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as GPX and thioredoxin reductase, among others [35]. Its role as part of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its capacity of inhibiting the NADPG oxidases that catalyze the transformation of oxygen into singlet oxygen radical are also relevant [18]. MK-8742 mechanism of action Similarly, it has been found that zinc can prevent lipid peroxidation and therefore protect cell membranes [36?8].Apart from the antioxidants mentioned above, in recent years, the importance attributed to melatonin and Nacetylcysteine (NAC) as antioxidants has risen. Melatonin is the main product produced by the pineal gland. It exerts antioxidant activity both directly and indirectly, and it also has anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin can directly eliminate free radicals such as hydroxyl radical, oxygen singlet, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite, and indirectly it induces the production of antioxidant enzymes, including GPX, glutathione reductase, Glucose 6P-DH, and SOD. Moreover, unlike classic antioxidants, melatonin does not produce a dose-dependent prooxidant effect, and it is able to cross the blood brain barrier [39]. For its part, NAC has mucolytic properties, it is the precursor of L-cysteine, and it is able to eliminate ROS and restore intracellular glutathione levels. In addition, recent studies indicate that NAC could cross the blood brain barrier, although depending on the dose and method of administration. Both melatonin and NAC also stand out for their low toxicity [40].4. Sources of Exogenous Antioxidants and DietNumerous studies have focused on determining the antioxidant content of foods, which conclude that the food with more antioxidant is derived from the plant kingdom (fruits, vegetables, and cereals), while meat and fish are poor in antioxidants. Comparing the group of meat and meat products, with plant foods such as fruits, nuts, cocoa, and berries, the latter are 5- to 33-fold richer in antioxidants than the former [41]. Therefore, diets mainly composed of animal source foods may not provide sufficient antioxidants, which could increase the oxidation of biomolecules and cell damage [42]. Nevertheless, proteins and hydrolysates derived from milk and eggs have shown some antioxidant activity [43].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityTable 1: Classification of biologically relevant exogenous antioxidants and their natural sources [13, 41].Exogenous antioxidants Sources Vitamins and derivatives Vitamin C Berries, citrus fruits, some vegetables (peppers, cabbage), pulses, and some herbs and spices Vitamin E Seeds, vegetable oils, peanuts, nuts, and some fruits Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables, some herbs and spices Carotenoids -Carotene Many vegetables (spinach, carrots, pumpkins, and red pepper) and fruits (mango, apricots, and peaches) Lycopene Tomatoes, ketchup, and watermelon Polyphenols Flavonoids Quercetin Fruits (apples, citrus), onions, parsley tea, red wine, and green leafy vegetables Catechins Green tea, cocoa, and berries Proanthocyanidins Many fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds, cocoa, and some medicinal herbs Genistein and daidzein Soy Hesperetin Citrus fruits Resveratrol Red grapes, red wine, peanuts, and berries Phenolic acids Caffeic and chlorogenic acids Coffee Ferulic acid Cereals, seeds, citrus fruits, and some vegetablesAs stated above, polyphenols are the most abundant group of natural antioxidants. One of them, resver.N the group of antioxidant minerals, selenium has a special importance because it is a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as GPX and thioredoxin reductase, among others [35]. Its role as part of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its capacity of inhibiting the NADPG oxidases that catalyze the transformation of oxygen into singlet oxygen radical are also relevant [18]. Similarly, it has been found that zinc can prevent lipid peroxidation and therefore protect cell membranes [36?8].Apart from the antioxidants mentioned above, in recent years, the importance attributed to melatonin and Nacetylcysteine (NAC) as antioxidants has risen. Melatonin is the main product produced by the pineal gland. It exerts antioxidant activity both directly and indirectly, and it also has anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin can directly eliminate free radicals such as hydroxyl radical, oxygen singlet, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite, and indirectly it induces the production of antioxidant enzymes, including GPX, glutathione reductase, Glucose 6P-DH, and SOD. Moreover, unlike classic antioxidants, melatonin does not produce a dose-dependent prooxidant effect, and it is able to cross the blood brain barrier [39]. For its part, NAC has mucolytic properties, it is the precursor of L-cysteine, and it is able to eliminate ROS and restore intracellular glutathione levels. In addition, recent studies indicate that NAC could cross the blood brain barrier, although depending on the dose and method of administration. Both melatonin and NAC also stand out for their low toxicity [40].4. Sources of Exogenous Antioxidants and DietNumerous studies have focused on determining the antioxidant content of foods, which conclude that the food with more antioxidant is derived from the plant kingdom (fruits, vegetables, and cereals), while meat and fish are poor in antioxidants. Comparing the group of meat and meat products, with plant foods such as fruits, nuts, cocoa, and berries, the latter are 5- to 33-fold richer in antioxidants than the former [41]. Therefore, diets mainly composed of animal source foods may not provide sufficient antioxidants, which could increase the oxidation of biomolecules and cell damage [42]. Nevertheless, proteins and hydrolysates derived from milk and eggs have shown some antioxidant activity [43].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityTable 1: Classification of biologically relevant exogenous antioxidants and their natural sources [13, 41].Exogenous antioxidants Sources Vitamins and derivatives Vitamin C Berries, citrus fruits, some vegetables (peppers, cabbage), pulses, and some herbs and spices Vitamin E Seeds, vegetable oils, peanuts, nuts, and some fruits Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables, some herbs and spices Carotenoids -Carotene Many vegetables (spinach, carrots, pumpkins, and red pepper) and fruits (mango, apricots, and peaches) Lycopene Tomatoes, ketchup, and watermelon Polyphenols Flavonoids Quercetin Fruits (apples, citrus), onions, parsley tea, red wine, and green leafy vegetables Catechins Green tea, cocoa, and berries Proanthocyanidins Many fruits and vegetables, nuts, seeds, cocoa, and some medicinal herbs Genistein and daidzein Soy Hesperetin Citrus fruits Resveratrol Red grapes, red wine, peanuts, and berries Phenolic acids Caffeic and chlorogenic acids Coffee Ferulic acid Cereals, seeds, citrus fruits, and some vegetablesAs stated above, polyphenols are the most abundant group of natural antioxidants. One of them, resver.
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