T into two payments would help overcome the tendency of individuals to be myopic and prefer the present to the future. Allowing for the option of semi-monthly benefit issuance, along with the staggered issuance days that many states now have, may help smooth both participants’ consumption and retailers’ sales over the month.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158422 July 13,15 /SNAP Benefit CycleSupporting InformationS1 Appendix. SNAP Issuances Dates Used (Actual and Imputed). (DOCX) S2 Appendix. Mean values of variables used in the simulation. (DOCX) S3 Appendix. Robustness check–Logit model of the probability of not EXEL-2880MedChemExpress Foretinib eating over an average day, 2006?8, only states with issuance days in the first two weeks of the month. (DOCX) S4 Appendix. Robustness check–Logit model of the probability of not eating over an average day. 2006?8, estimated with rare event approach (Firth method) used. (DOCX)AcknowledgmentsAn early version of this research was presented at the 32nd International Association for Time Use Research Conference and the authors are appreciative for the audience comments on our paper. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and useful comments. We also thank our Tenapanor price colleagues at USDA Economic Research Service, Cynthia Ray for graphics assistance, and Christian Gregory for help with historical Food Assistance Program/SNAP issuance dates.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MA. Performed the experiments: MA KSH. Analyzed the data: MA KSH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KSH. Wrote the paper: KSH. Designed and performed robustness testing: KSH. Extracted, linked, and managed the data: KSH.
Valosin-containing protein (VCP or p97) is a promising molecular target for anti-cancer drug therapeutics. VCP/p97 is an AAA ATPase molecular chaperone that has been shown to be involved in a variety of different cellular processes including, proliferation, apoptosis, transcription and cell cycle etc [1?]. VCP regulates these processes by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS is a system that manages intracellular levels of all proteins (folded and misfolded) by tagging the proteins with ubiquitin and then transporting these tagged proteins to the proteasome for degradation [1, 4, 8]. Thus, UPS plays a critical role in controlling important cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis, replication and proliferation. Our lab and others have previously shown that cancerous cells have increased levels of VCP, which allows the cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize [1, 2, 4, 8]. Inhibition of this protein’s function has shown promise in decreasing cancerous cellular growth by inducing apoptosis while inhibiting the cell cycle and migration [1?, 7]. VCP has also been shown to inhibit IB, which is the endogenous inhibitor of NFB, a transcription factor that promotes cellular (cancer cell) proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Thus, increased NFB levels promote the anti-apoptotic and pro-metastatic abilities the cancerous cell exhibit [1, 2, 4, 9]. There have been many different VCP inhibitors identified with relatively modest potency. Hence, each of these drugs show different efficacy in different cell lines. Some of the strongest VCP/p97 inhibitors (NMS-873 and DBeQ) discovered recently [3, 5, 7, 8, 10] are utilized in this project with an aim to develop a novel anticancer therapeutic. NMS-873 is a noncompetitive inhibitor while DBeQ is an ATPcompetitive inhibitor of VCP/p97 [3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11.T into two payments would help overcome the tendency of individuals to be myopic and prefer the present to the future. Allowing for the option of semi-monthly benefit issuance, along with the staggered issuance days that many states now have, may help smooth both participants’ consumption and retailers’ sales over the month.PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158422 July 13,15 /SNAP Benefit CycleSupporting InformationS1 Appendix. SNAP Issuances Dates Used (Actual and Imputed). (DOCX) S2 Appendix. Mean values of variables used in the simulation. (DOCX) S3 Appendix. Robustness check–Logit model of the probability of not eating over an average day, 2006?8, only states with issuance days in the first two weeks of the month. (DOCX) S4 Appendix. Robustness check–Logit model of the probability of not eating over an average day. 2006?8, estimated with rare event approach (Firth method) used. (DOCX)AcknowledgmentsAn early version of this research was presented at the 32nd International Association for Time Use Research Conference and the authors are appreciative for the audience comments on our paper. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and useful comments. We also thank our colleagues at USDA Economic Research Service, Cynthia Ray for graphics assistance, and Christian Gregory for help with historical Food Assistance Program/SNAP issuance dates.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: MA. Performed the experiments: MA KSH. Analyzed the data: MA KSH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KSH. Wrote the paper: KSH. Designed and performed robustness testing: KSH. Extracted, linked, and managed the data: KSH.
Valosin-containing protein (VCP or p97) is a promising molecular target for anti-cancer drug therapeutics. VCP/p97 is an AAA ATPase molecular chaperone that has been shown to be involved in a variety of different cellular processes including, proliferation, apoptosis, transcription and cell cycle etc [1?]. VCP regulates these processes by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS is a system that manages intracellular levels of all proteins (folded and misfolded) by tagging the proteins with ubiquitin and then transporting these tagged proteins to the proteasome for degradation [1, 4, 8]. Thus, UPS plays a critical role in controlling important cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis, replication and proliferation. Our lab and others have previously shown that cancerous cells have increased levels of VCP, which allows the cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize [1, 2, 4, 8]. Inhibition of this protein’s function has shown promise in decreasing cancerous cellular growth by inducing apoptosis while inhibiting the cell cycle and migration [1?, 7]. VCP has also been shown to inhibit IB, which is the endogenous inhibitor of NFB, a transcription factor that promotes cellular (cancer cell) proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Thus, increased NFB levels promote the anti-apoptotic and pro-metastatic abilities the cancerous cell exhibit [1, 2, 4, 9]. There have been many different VCP inhibitors identified with relatively modest potency. Hence, each of these drugs show different efficacy in different cell lines. Some of the strongest VCP/p97 inhibitors (NMS-873 and DBeQ) discovered recently [3, 5, 7, 8, 10] are utilized in this project with an aim to develop a novel anticancer therapeutic. NMS-873 is a noncompetitive inhibitor while DBeQ is an ATPcompetitive inhibitor of VCP/p97 [3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11.
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