Medicine in the School of Medicine, and research coordinator with the Center for Faculty Excellence at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She can be reached at sengups (at) unc.edu Ronald P. Strauss, DMD, PhD, executive associate provost and professor in the School of Dentistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Margaret S. Miles, RN, PhD, FAAN, professor emeritus in the School of Nursing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Malika Roman-Isler, PhD, MPH, assistant purchase Chloroquine (diphosphate) director of the Community Engagement Core in the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Bahby Banks, MPH, and research assistant at the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Giselle Corbie-Smith, MD, MSc associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine, a senior research fellow at the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, an associate professor in the Department of Medicine, and an associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology in the Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillAbstractBackground–HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects minority groups in the United States, especially in the rural southeastern states. Poverty and lack of access to HIV care, including clinical trials, are prevalent in these areas and contribute to HIV stigma. This is the first study to develop a conceptual model exploring the relationship between HIV stigma and the implementation of HIV clinical trials in rural contexts to help improve participation in those trials. Methods–We conducted focus groups with HIV service providers and community leaders, and individual interviews with people living with HIV/AIDS in six counties in rural North Carolina. Themes related to stigma were elicited. We classified the themes into theoretical constructs and developed a conceptual model. Results–HIV stigma themes were classified under the existing theoretical constructs of perceived, experienced, vicarious, and felt normative stigma. Two additional constructs emerged: causes of HIV stigma (e.g., low HIV knowledge and denial in the community) and consequences of HIV stigma (e.g., confidentiality concerns in clinical trials). The conceptual model illustrates that the causes of HIV stigma can give rise to perceived, experienced, and vicarious HIV stigma,Data presented: XVII International AIDS Society Conference in Mexico City, August 7, 2008.Sengupta et al.Pageand these types of stigma could lead to the consequences of HIV stigma that include felt normative stigma. Limitations–Understanding HIV stigma in rural counties of North Carolina may not be generalizeable to other rural US southeastern states. Conclusion–The conceptual model emphasizes that HIV stigma–in its many forms–is a critical barrier to HIV clinical trial implementation in rural North Carolina. Keywords HIV; AIDS; stigma; clinical trials; minority groups; research participation The epidemiology and demographics of HIV/AIDS have evolved over the last 25 years in the United States, resulting in the highest rates of new infection among minority populations, particularly among African American and Latino populations. In addition, there has been a shift in new HIV/AIDS cases from large northeastern and western metropolitan areas to the southeast, where over 43 of purchase Chloroquine (diphosphate) residents live in rural ar.Medicine in the School of Medicine, and research coordinator with the Center for Faculty Excellence at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She can be reached at sengups (at) unc.edu Ronald P. Strauss, DMD, PhD, executive associate provost and professor in the School of Dentistry at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Margaret S. Miles, RN, PhD, FAAN, professor emeritus in the School of Nursing at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Malika Roman-Isler, PhD, MPH, assistant director of the Community Engagement Core in the North Carolina Translational and Clinical Sciences Institute (NC TraCS) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Bahby Banks, MPH, and research assistant at the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Giselle Corbie-Smith, MD, MSc associate professor in the Department of Social Medicine, a senior research fellow at the Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, an associate professor in the Department of Medicine, and an associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology in the Gillings School of Global Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel HillAbstractBackground–HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects minority groups in the United States, especially in the rural southeastern states. Poverty and lack of access to HIV care, including clinical trials, are prevalent in these areas and contribute to HIV stigma. This is the first study to develop a conceptual model exploring the relationship between HIV stigma and the implementation of HIV clinical trials in rural contexts to help improve participation in those trials. Methods–We conducted focus groups with HIV service providers and community leaders, and individual interviews with people living with HIV/AIDS in six counties in rural North Carolina. Themes related to stigma were elicited. We classified the themes into theoretical constructs and developed a conceptual model. Results–HIV stigma themes were classified under the existing theoretical constructs of perceived, experienced, vicarious, and felt normative stigma. Two additional constructs emerged: causes of HIV stigma (e.g., low HIV knowledge and denial in the community) and consequences of HIV stigma (e.g., confidentiality concerns in clinical trials). The conceptual model illustrates that the causes of HIV stigma can give rise to perceived, experienced, and vicarious HIV stigma,Data presented: XVII International AIDS Society Conference in Mexico City, August 7, 2008.Sengupta et al.Pageand these types of stigma could lead to the consequences of HIV stigma that include felt normative stigma. Limitations–Understanding HIV stigma in rural counties of North Carolina may not be generalizeable to other rural US southeastern states. Conclusion–The conceptual model emphasizes that HIV stigma–in its many forms–is a critical barrier to HIV clinical trial implementation in rural North Carolina. Keywords HIV; AIDS; stigma; clinical trials; minority groups; research participation The epidemiology and demographics of HIV/AIDS have evolved over the last 25 years in the United States, resulting in the highest rates of new infection among minority populations, particularly among African American and Latino populations. In addition, there has been a shift in new HIV/AIDS cases from large northeastern and western metropolitan areas to the southeast, where over 43 of residents live in rural ar.
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