rential sorting among DENV strains. The conclusions presented in this work may also represent a new clue to understand viral pathogenesis. Toll-like receptors capture signals derived from viral particles and subsequently initiate signalling for inflammatory cytokine response such as IL-8, IFN-a/b, TNF-a production. It was shown that at the incipient stage of infection, after exposure of viral particles to the acidic endosomal pH, DENV RNA interacts with TLR3 molecules present in intracellular compartments and triggers IL8 and IFN-a/b secretion. On the other hand, a differential regulation of IFN induction by different strains of DENV was reported. Future studies will determine whether this differential induction of the antiviral response is related to the distinct intracellular trafficking here reported among DENV strains, since a Celgosivir site variation in the intracellular route may determine the encounter between viral RNA and TLRs early after virus uncoating. Acetaminophen is an over-the-counter analgesic widely used worldwide. However, APAP-induced liver injury represents the most common hepatogenous poisoning secondary to drug overdose. Excess APAP saturates the sulfation and glucuronidation of the metabolic pathway and results in generation of toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine by cytochrome P450 , thereby depleting hepatic glutathione . Residual unconjugated NAPQI induces covalent binding of intracellular proteins and causes further formation of reactive oxygen species , thus resulting in apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes. Induction of intracellular inflammation regulatory proteins such as hemeoxygenase 1 attenuates APAP toxicity. In addition, the downstream innate immune response, by immune cells and associated cytokines, modulates the progression of liver injury. Innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells , and Kupffer cells play important roles in AILI. Depletion of NK and NKT cells by an antibody retarded APAP toxicity in mouse liver. However, Masson et al. showed an indefinite role of NK and NKT cells in AILI. The uncertain role of neutrophils in AILI was shown in different studies. Recently, increased APAP sensitivity was attributed to enhanced inflammation in mice lacking DCs, but the detailed mechanism remained speculative. Depletion or inactivation of KCs by chemicals 
in an AILI model had controversial results, with a protective effect in one study but a negative result in another. Furthermore, mice lacking of cytokines such as interleukin 10 , IL-6 or IL-13 were found susceptible to APAP hepatotoxicity, whereas induction of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha , interferon gamma , IL-18 or IL-1b and nitric oxide enhanced AILI in mice. Collectively, the roles of innate immune cells, especially antigen-presenting cells, and cytokines in AILI are complicated and still unclear. IL-15, a multifunction cytokine mainly produced by antigenpresenting cells such as macrophages, DCs, B cells or endothelial cells, regulates the adaptive immune system and plays an important role in innate immunity. IL-15 can direct the development of CD8+ memory T cells, NK and NKT cells and modulate the function of macrophages and DCs. In addition, IL-15 can inhibit apoptosis of neutrophils and regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFa, IL-6, IL-1b and IL-10 in macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Synthetic IL-15 could moderate
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